Principles of Editing

Editing is used for different reasons, in Film & TV it I used to tell a story and to create a mood or atmosphere.

Concepts of editing
Editing is used in a Film to either introduce new information into the story or motivation for the characters.

Introducing New Information
A new shot should always give new information. In a motion picture, the new information would usually be a new character or a different location.
The shot you are cutting to should give more information, as well as the shot you are cutting from. For example a man could be looking at something in horror then the shot cuts to a murderer.

History of Editing
In 1895 the Lumiere Brothers invented a film recorder it was called, Cinematographe. Cinematographe was a 3 in 1 machine which recorded, captured and projected motion pictures.

The Lumiere Brothers lead the way for more ways of filming and editing.

In-Camera Editing

In-Camera Editing was used in the early years of filming. In-Camera Editing means the camera operator filmed in the linear order which the production will be viewed. It was used as the main filming edit before splicing became easier to do. One of the biggest in-camera editors was George Melies.

The problems with in-camera editing is it takes a lot of planning for the shots to work in order. There's no cutting the edit after it has been filmed, once the last scene is filmed the production is done.

Analogue Editing

Analogue Editing came after In-Camera, Analogue is the first step to cut editing. It was done using a razor blade and splicing block.

The tape would be cut with the razor blade then taped back together in the order intended, the cut and tape would be repeated until the film was created. An example of analogue editing could be the first film ever "exiting the factory" 

Following The Action
Following the action is a series of shots on one character. The shots are taken from a different camera, when a character is walking each time they turn a corner or change destination.

Following the action can also just simply be a single camera rotating round a specific character or event, this gives a less boring effect to the shot instead of it just showing the character or event from one angle.

Multiple Points of View
Using Multiple points of view, is exactly as it says, when a series of shots are used showing an event from many different point of views.

It can also mean when a film uses a good guy/ bad guy story we see both point of views from good and bad throughout the film. An example of a single event being seen from a variety of point of views is "Vantage Point" when a US President is assassinated we see the event from many different characters point of views.

Shot Variation

Shot Variation is a series of shots from different angles. Most commonly a wide shot would be used first to introduce the scene, this would turn into a long shot of a character or characters, this would usually show the main character/s. Next there are different shots that can be used, first a mid shot showing a character speaking or a two or three shot showing different characters talking.

Shot variation doesn't always have to be characters speaking, it can be used to show an event and have the different angles show the event in a much more interesting way making it less boring for the audience.

Manipulation of Diegetic Time and Space

The use of Manipulation of Time and Space shows a series of time in a single moment, this can be a character ageing as a Camera angle changes. It doesn't always have to be a character seen it can be an object, for example a flower could be seen alive then withers in a second.

It doesn't always have to show something ageing, a character having a flashback also shows manipulation of time and space this is because it isn't set in the current time.

Conventions and Techniques

Seamless Editing- Seamless editing is two shots edited together so cleanly that there is no jump in the cuts.
Continuity Editing- An edit that is used to keep a clear narrative. There are many rules to continuity editing, they are:

• Establishing Shot- A long shot that usually shows a setting which introduces where the next scene will be.
• Shot/Reverse Shot- Two shots usually used in a conversation scene, one shot shows the speaking character over the shoulder of the listening character, the other shot shows the listening character responding over the shoulder of the new listening character. Sometimes a shot can show a character listening and the speaking character is the over the shoulder shot. The two shots are edited together alternating from shot to shot giving the conversation seen more interest and makes it clear.
• 180° Rule- The angle between two consecutive shots shouldn't go more than 180° to keep the spatial relationship between characters and objects.
• 30° Rule - The angle between two shots shouldn't be more than 30° to keep the shot clear and not confusing for the viewer.
• Parallel Editing (Crosscutting)- An edit that alternates between two shots happening at the same time in different locations.
• Match on Action- An edit which shows two scenarios occuring at the same time side by side on screen.
• Eyeline Match- A cut between two shots, the first shows a person looking in a certain direction, the second shot shows either the object they are looking at or a person looking back at them in the exact opposite direction.
• Re-Establishing Shot- A long shot which once again shows the setting of a scene, this usually closes the scene for that setting.



Critical Approaches (Torchwood & Dr Who)

Genre- TV Sci-Fi Drama

Doctor Who v Torchwood
The Spin-Off

TV Sci-Fi Drama
Sci-Fi
Science Fiction or Sci-Fi is a unique genre. Although it is similar to Fantasy, Sci-Fi is used to portray scientifically possible stories or scientifically postulated physical laws. Fully imaginative things are used but not as much as Fantasy. Sci-Fi is used a lot more as a sub genre, other genres it goes with mostly are: Action, Adventure, Family & Drama. A lot of writers use Sci-Fi to discuss philosophical ideas such as identity, desire, morality and social structure. Sci-Fi is best watched by people who suspend in disbelief.

Codes & Conventions of Sci-Fi
Sci-Fi has very specific codes & conventions what make it what it is, they are futuristic settings, futuristic science & technology, space travel, time travel, parallel universes and extra-terrestrial life. These are specific to the genre because science is always advancing and some of the futuristic settings or technology is scientifically possible. Extra-terrestrial life has never been scientifically proven but with rumours and stories about extra-terrestrial life, imagination is used to create aliens and monsters, most with humanoid features.

Drama
Drama is the most seen and/or used genre this is because it is based on developing realistic characters dealing with emotional themes. Dramatic themes used such as; Alcoholism, drug addiction, sexuality, poverty, class divisions and corruption put the characters into a conflict with themselves. Some sub genres of drama are Romance, Crime, Historical, Documentary, Comedy and Tragedy.

Codes & Conventions of Drama
Drama has many codes & conventions, close up of characters are used to show emotion, Low and High angles are used to show strength and weakness in characters, Alcohol, Drugs, Guns, Knives & Mobile Phones are typically used in dramas. Dramas are mostly set in towns or villages and don't change location unless there's a special episode.

Spin-Off
A spin off is a show based in more detail on a specific topic, event or character of an already made production. In this case Torchwood is based on the character Captain Jack Harkness one of The Doctors companions from the series Doctor who.

Character Representation
Doctor Who has been on for 50 years, throughout the 50 years there has been 11 doctors, each Doctor has there own personality. I'm going to talk about the 10th Doctor as this was The Doctor during Torchwood.

At the start of Doctor Who we are introduced to The Doctor at a slow pace due to regeneration. At the very start The Doctor is learning who he is himself, in the first episode The Doctor loses his hand, this is also used in Torchwood giving a link between the two shows. As Doctor Who goes on we learn more about The Doctor and his past. The Doctor never travels alone, we first see him traveling with Rose Tyler she's first seen as an everyday teen brit, working, trying to make a living, this is when she was very first introduced with the 9th Doctor, when we first see her with the 10th Doctor she get's worried because it's her first time experiencing seeing the regeneration and isn't sure if it's the same man. As time goes on The Doctor and Rose grow a great bond, when The Doctor loses Rose it hits him hard. This shows that for a man who's lived for over 900 years, the right people can still find  away to your heart. Captain Jack is introduced in Doctor Who when the TARDIS lands in Cardiff.


During the time The Doctor has been on his Journey with Rose, Captain Jack has been busy with Torchwood in Cardiff so when he hears the TARDIS he goes running for it. He knows about this because we were first introduced to Captain Jack with the 9th Doctor, with the 9th Doctor a lot of things happened with Jacks life, one of those things being that he was made immortal, this is a big factor throughout Torchwood.
When Jack makes his infamous return to Doctor Who he is introduced to The Doctors new companion, Martha Jones she was introduced to the show as a victim that The Doctor helped, she was introduced as a medical student in a hospital, they meet when the hospital is teleported to the moon and The Doctor goes to help. They travel together for a long time, The Doctor, Martha & Jack all find themselves in a war against The Doctors oldest enemy, The Master. The Master captures The Doctor & Jack leaving Martha alone to save the world this is when we see her full potential, she saves them then leaves The Doctor because of the feelings that she has for him and knowing he doesn't have the same feelings for her. After Rose's departure we are introduced to a new character, Donna Noble. She is seen in the TARDIS in a wedding dress, she is seen as a cocky character similar to the attitude of the actor portraying her, Catherine Tate. She travels with The Doctor for a short time before leaving, then he travels with Martha, after Martha's departure the Doctor is on an alien search alone when he runs into Donna again it becomes a much bigger bond this time and they travel for a long time.

Torchwood is based around 5 main characters who all work for Torchwood.

• Captain Jack Harkness, Jack is a Time Agent from the 51st century, he is first introduced in Torchwood as the clear leader of Torchwood. At first Jack is very strict about most things but after Gwen joins the group bringing in some sanity to the group he becomes a lot more mellow and laid back. He becomes a lot closer with the team as it progress's. At the start we learn that the team doesn't know of his immortality, only Gwen finds out because she witnessed him die then resurrect. Jack's immortality becomes a big factor during the show as he dies many times to save his team showing how honourable he is.

• Gwen Cooper, Gwen is introduced as a Police Officer doing her everyday job when she gets sent to a murder case where she has her first encounter with Torchwood, she get's very nosey about Torchwood when she eventually gets involved with it and becomes a part of the team.

• Ianto Jones, (Yan-to) Ianto is the receptionist for Torchwood, he is first seen as the Chauffeur for the team, he stays like this for a while until things get a lot more dangerous and serious then he becomes more of an agent as well. It is not known at first but it can be seen with hints that Ianto is gay and has feelings for Jack.

• Owen Harper, Owen is first seen as the gadget guy for Torchwood, it is evident from the start that he is a ladies man. At one point Owen is killed, he is resurrected and becomes known as the "King Of The Weevils" the weevils are a species seen occurring throughout the show. He starts to grow feelings towards Tosh losing his rep as a ladies man. Although he was resurrected he can still be killed and is not immortal like Jack.

• Toshiko Sato, Tosh is first seen as the tech person for Torchwood, she is first seen very shy and quiet, as it progress's she becomes a lot more known and a much more important member of the group as she becomes a very big help on the battlefield.



Narrative Structure

At the very start of Doctor Who we see that things are not going well from the get go as when we first see The Doctor he comes out of the TARDIS after it crashed, he seems happy at first but then passes out, this is due to a fresh regeneration, after the regeneration is done we learn that the new Doctor is a brave new man. Doctor Who likes to change the set out of episodes, some episodes are linear and others are non-linear. As each of his companions change we learn something more about The Doctor and who he is. The Doctor goes through a second regeneration but doesn't change, after this regeneration we get the biggest reunion of The Doctors companions, they get called "Children Of Time" in this Episode the Earth is stolen all of the companions and the Doctor fly the TARDIS pulling the Earth back to the Solar System.

The narrative of Torchwood is the same as Doctor Who, some episodes are linear and others are non-linear. In the very first episode of Torchwood we see the Torchwood group on the hunt for a murderer, they use an alien tech glove that revives people for a couple of minutes, Gwen the officer is on the case of the murderer and witnesses Torchwood using the glove, the mystery of what happens gets her curious so she gets very nosey with Torchwood, she begins to realise that one of the members is the murderer, they confront each other and Jack is watching it, she knows he is there and shoots him, as she is about to shoot Gwen Jack stands back up so she kills herself, this opens up a spot in Torchwood, Jack offers Gwen the job, she takes at and from there they begin the journey and quest of finding aliens and monsters in Cardiff.

Annie Production

Production-Annie

Set Construction
We had no control over how the set was going to be made. We went to a rehearsal to see the set and how it was made, it was a very basic stage production which made it much easier to film.

Rehearsal
We had the opportunity to go to a rehearsal, at the rehearsal we decided on how the cameras would be set out depending on how actors approached the stage and where they stood on the stage. At the rehearsal we done a recee of the location to see where the best place for cameras would be.

Review of Production/Role
In filming Annie I was filming from the high centre cam, my job was to shoot long and mid shots I felt I done this poorly as a lot of the time I was aiming for close ups which would ruin the shot when I tried to zoom out. I've now learnt to go for the shots I've been told to get instead of going for close ups, as they're other cameras which will get the close ups.

Pre-Production Annie

Pre-Production Diary

I will be filming the musical Annie, there a something's that are important to think about before filming, making a production folder helped us organise the individual requirements, the first thing we done was a risk assessment and recee list this is so we know where the best places for cameras will be and the dangers of the area we will be working in. After learning the location the next thing to do is to make the camera plan.

After finishing all of the preparation the next thing to do is go to a rehearsal and see how the production will be set out in terms of entrance, positioning on stage and lengths of each act. After seeing the rehearsal the next thing to do is check the camera plan and
make sure the cameras are in a suitable place if not change them to work with the show.

We all will be taking the role of Camera Operator through out the production, equipment that will be needed is:
4x Cameras
8x Tapes
4xTripods
4x Large Batteries
4x Small Batteries
4x Camera Plates
4x Headphones

We will place the cameras stage left & right, lower centre and high centre. The stage left & right cameras will shoot close-up and mid shots, the lower centre camera will shoot mid shots and long shot, the high centre camera will shoot long shots. We have no control over the sound or lighting, these are set by the production to suit their needs.

Unit 23: Multi-Camera Techniques

Multi-camera techniques are mainly used in Live shows, like Sports, Concerts & Chat or Game shows. This is so that the viewer's get the full feel that the show wants you to get. The 3 main shows use multi-camera for these reasons:

• Sports- Wrestling for example, multi-camera is used so you can get a view from all 4 sides of the ring, they can cut to the crowd to give a feeling of the atmosphere and have a camera at the announcers table so it can cut to them if they need to say something or to show their reaction if something happens.
• Concerts- All live concerts use multi-camera so you can have a view of every member of the band together or single shots of the members of the group if they are doing solos or just to get a close-up of them, there's also a camera on the crowd so you can get the atmosphere feeling and it makes it almost feel like you are there.
• Chat/Game Shows- Celebrity Juice for example uses multi-camera so you can have a crowd shot, have a view of the entire stage, have a single shot on Keith (The host), then have 2 cameras for both teams and have cameras to get single shots of the team members.

 A basic studio production layout looks like this:

This shows a basic interview with multi-camera techniques, Camera 1 shows an over the shoulder shot of the host. Camera 2 shows both the guest and the host. Camera 3 shows an over the shoulder shot of the guest.

 Advantages of using multi-camera techniques are the audience can feel as though they are more involved in the action which can give them a sense of excitement and thrill. Another being that a multi-camera set up can be cheaper to make. This is because there is less editing as the editing can sometimes be done live by flicking from camera to camera which also means that multi-camera saves a lot of time and effort.



Here is an example of Multi-Camera being used at a live concert:
Fozzy @ Bloodstock Festival 2013

Multi-camera is used at concerts to get the full feel of the show, from being on stage with the band, to being in the crowd. They do this by having a camera set up in or behind the crowd to give the experience of being at the concert, then there is another behind the band which kind of gives a backstage feel. There are other cameras that are used on single members of the band there are 2 reasons for this, the first, so if there's a solo the camera can be set on that camera, the other reason is simply so that it isn't a continuous view of the entire band and it can have a variety of shots with the different band members.