Unit 27:Factual Programme Production Techniques For Television

Understand Issues relating to factual programming for television

Factual Programmes are made with different types of issues, that the director needs to keep track of throughout the production of the Factual Programme. These issues are; Accuracy & Balance, Impartiality, Objectivity & Subjectivity, Opinion, Bias, Representation and Privacy.

A factual programme is exactly what it says, a programme stating facts about a certain subject which means that the audience will be watching expecting to learn something and find out facts and stats about the subject which means that the director must deliver, this is known as a "Contract with the viewer" which is an unwritten contract from director to audience that they will deliver what they say they will. Ofcom is an organisation which makes sure that aired programmes are real and will not scam, harm or mislead an audience. This is for the benefit of the public and not for commercial purposes.

Accuracy
Accuracy is when something is as close and precise to the truth as it can be. This is a big factor in the 'contract with the viewer' because it means that the audience will be learning what they were expecting to learn at the start of the programme. In order for factual programmes to be accurate, a lot of careful research must be done to know that the facts are true. If a factual programme is found out to not have accurate facts the production company and/or director will lose the trust of their audience.

An example of an accurate Factual Programme is The News: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/

I chose The News because it is a factual programme that has a huge audience and must be trustworthy. The News tells facts about current news around the world so must be reliable which is also means they must do careful research of the subjects they talk about to know they aren't telling their audience false information. News reporters/presenters read from a script or teleprompter and have to be unbiased with only few acceptations. The News can sometimes be biased when they do interviews and vox pops because they answers they get may be one-sided.

Balance
Balance is when an argument or discussion is kept equal in factual and isn't biased. Both sides of an argument should be said equally an not more one than the other. For an argument to have balance the interviewer/host doing the debate must be impartial.

My example of a balanced factual argument is from "The Big Question" with the discussion 'Is the Bible still relevant?':

I chose this because it has balance as one side of the argument is a historian of the bible arguing that the bible is mostly fiction not fact and the other side is a Reverend who argues that the bible shouldn't have to be about fact but about truth.

Impartiality
Impartiality is when a director or producer don't take any sides in the subject they are doing about and stay neutral. Being impartial means not being biased and as a producer host a discussion but don't get involved in the answers or push the interviewee/s to say a certain answer.

My example of an impartial factual programme is "David Icke: Was he right?":

I chose this because it tells the story of David Icke's career and asks the question "Was he right?" and in it the producer doesn't give an unfair answer and lets it build out in its own way to answer the question.

Objectivity
Objectivity is when the programme is based solely on observation. It doesn't involve anything emotional and the audiences reactions come from what they see not what they are being told. To be objective means getting your point across using all the research you have gathered, and not giving your opinion whether it's biased or impartial. It means that the audience isn't fed an opinion, they instead make their own from what they're seeing and learning.

My example for an Objective Factual Program is "Man On Wire":

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gs8ZcwGrOU

I chose this because it shows us re-enactments and rare footage of Phillipe Petit preparing to tight rope over the World Trade Centres and doing the tight rope over them. It has interviews with Phillipe's friends but we never get an opinion from the director or narrator they just tell his story as it is being shown.

Subjectivity
Subjectivity is when the director or producer make the subject based on their own opinion. They don't care to show footage or facts to show their opinion so keep it to themselves to try and make the audience think the same way they do and not have another opinion on the subject. Subjective Factual Programmes are highly biased.

I couldn't pick just one documentary for Subjective so went with Filmmaker Michael Moore  who has made Documentaries such as:

• Sicko
• Fahrenheit 9/11
• Capitalism: A Love Story
• And many more....

Michael doesn't like to find out other peoples opinions, he gets an idea, a subject and then just does it solely on what he wants it to be about, Michael's documentaries tend to always be giving a bad view of things instead of mixed or just positive.

Opinion
Opinions are based on your own individual thoughts on something. Opinions aren't always based on facts, opinions instead are based on arguments. This is where you can find conflict in opinionated factual programmes because everyone has different opinions on most things.

My example of an Opinionated Factual Programme is "The Obama Deception":

I chose this because it is someone giving their opinion that Obama was being deceived in office,  where he is saying he is changing America for the better but is actually making it more into being like a Nazi Germany.

Bias
Bias is when a director picks one side of an argument and documents on them. Being biased is a very unfair way to document, especially to a passive audience because they will take in what they're being told and not give it a second thought. Biased also means not giving any information or evidence at all of the other side of the argument and only doing the side you support.

My example of Bias Factual Programmes is one of Michael Moores "Bowling For Columbine":

I chose this because Michael is looking for the main causes of the Columbine High School Massacre of 1999 and he looks for anything can ensure violence from the surroundings of the shooters and doesn't look at it from the side, that everyone has access to these things but have never done a shooting.

Representation
Representation is when a subject is shown in a particular way. This is similar to biased as the director is trying to represent the subject in a certain way whether positive or negative. Positive representation is done so the audience feels sympathy towards the subject and negative is used to make a villain of what is being represented.

My example for this is Catfish:

I chose this because when we first meet Angela they represent her in a crazy way but as we find out more about her they represent her in a more sympathetic way.

Privacy
Privacy in factual programming is an important factor. Everyone has a right to privacy if they don't want something to be seen or don't want to be recognised in a production they have a right to that. Keeping interviewees private in an interview for a factual can be done by; changing the voice of the person, blurring their face, only showing the back of them or blacking them out.

My example for this is only showing the back of them: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27784852

  I chose this because a victim of racist assault was interviewed and asked to stay anonymous and the News did as he asked as it is a right to privacy.

The Animal Man
My Documentary is about pets being abandoned and how my Dad has helped some in and out of work. My documentary will have Representation as I will be representing my Dad in a heroic manner. It will also have opinions on what the public think about animals that are abandoned and family and friends will have opinions on how they feel about my Dad and the animals he helps.

Short Film Edit Review

Review of Missing In Action Edit
Editing Technology

Editing the short film is done on Adobe Premier Pro. Premier Pro is an editing program (Software) it can be used to edit a range of things such as; Short Films, Feature Films, Montages and Music Videos. Premier Pro is a great program to use for editing as it has a very organised layout and isn't too confusing to use.

Doing a Short Film edit on Premier Pro starts firstly with capturing the footage you have filmed doing the production process, to get to the capture screen you can either go to File < Capture or press 'F5'.

 

 

Once you get onto this screen, using the top box on the right-hand side select where you want the footage to be saved, then in the boxes underneath name the tape and clips. The last thing you do before the edit begins is, make sure the scene detect box is ticked, meaning it will know when to cut each clip.

 

Once the clips have captured, the next thing to do is organise the clips into bins (folders) this makes it easier to find the necessary clips for each scene.

 

 

You create bins in this area of the program, you create a new bin by clicking the folder icon at the bottom of it.



 

As also seen in the image above, making a short film edit easier instead of working on one sequence create a new sequence for each scene.

 

Editing Process & Post-Production Tools



Starting the edit process begins with putting the clips into their sequence. Then use the Razor Tool to cut the clips to be edited together in linear and understandable order. Missing In Action is a voiceover-based story which means editing the voiceovers into the sequences.



 

I edited the voiceovers on in two different ways. The first I ungrouped the scenes that were going to be used in the voiceover, this means I can edit both the visual and audio seperately, to do the voiceover I deleted the audio track and replaced it with the voiceover. The second way was to put the voicover on the sequence and edit the visuals of the needed clips over the voiceover.

After completing all of the scenes, the sequences are saved on the clips window then from there I put them into the master sequence.



After having all of the scenes put into linear order on the master sequence, the offline edit is complete. After this I put on the opening credits, end credits, transitions, music and cinemascope. This makes it an online edit. To create credits/titles you go to Title<New Title then opening credits is <Default Still and end credits are <Default Roll.

After clicking which you want this window will open, it should be automatically set to the standard size of your video so from this just give it a name then click 'OK' after this it comes up with a new window where the title is created.

After creating the titles the music was put into the sequence, the music was the most difficult part of the edit as it was very hard to fit the volume keyframes over the film without it being too loud over the top of the speech's.

Overall Quality of Finished Product

The final cut of the film had both it's ups and downs. The pro's of the film were the credits looked good opening and end. Most of the edits cut together well and the explosion effect looked to standard for a first timer.

The cons of the edit were in some scenes the sound was too up and down due to background noises such as the vehicles in Scene 4. Putting the cinemascope in was an issue for some of the scenes as the shot sizes made it so we had to lose something kind of important in a shot.

Putting the film together as a whole went well as it the film makes sense and nothing in it is too confusing or mis-understandable.





 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poster Review

After doing all of my practising for the poster, DVD Sleeve and DVD Label and finished filming the production I began my poster for it. My first idea for the poster was:

This didn't go as very well planned, although it looked good at first, I got carried away with the lighting on the picture which ruined it but before I actually decided it was ruined I had saved the picture, then we had decided the background was too much so changed that in the final poster.

 

My final poster seen the background change happen, the image of Vera (Maddie) change, the font colour change and the credit block added.

 

The changes to the poster give it a much more effectiveness as the image of Jack never had to change as it shown his character very well. The new image of Maddie works better as it shows her in character more both images giving an affection look and also Maddie's image doesn't take up as much of the poster as it did previously. The background doesn't get as much in your face.

 

 

The DVD sleeve mainly advertised Jack as he is the star factor character of the front cover and is on every clip scene shown on the back cover. It took a lot of development as some images just didn't work. I feel as the sleeve is effective for the film as it shows the character/s and the images doesn't give a lot away about the film.

 

The DVD Label never had much detail in it as I felt like their was too much going on already with the poster and DVD sleeve. To compensate for the lack of image I made sure to keep the DVD have the colour scheme of war/army colours.

To summarise I feel as my Poster, Sleeve and DVD advertised the DVD well enough without giving anything away from the film.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



Me & My Movies

Me & My Movies
Action

Active vs Passive Spectatorship
Action films tend to have a passive spectatorship because when people watch them they don't think "oh how did they do that" or "That's so fake" they just take in what they are seeing and don't question things such as the White house being blown up or vehicles transforming.

The two films I'm going to be talking about are Never Back Down (2008, starring Sean Faris, Amber Heard and Cam Gigandet) and Pain & Gain (2013, starring Mark Wahlberg, Dwayne Johnson and Anthony Mackie). Both of these films fit into the action genre because they involve a person/group of people facing a challenge, fight scenes and in Pain & Gain there is explosions. 

The spectatorship for both these films is passive although for Pain & Gain some people could view it as active since it is based on a true story so it makes people question if bits of it are actually true or not. Never Back Down on the other hand is fully a passive spectatorship as there is nothing in it too over the top for people to question.

To summarise most Action films are for a passive audience but depending on how deep the story becomes some people could view them as active spectators.

Fandom
Some action films do have fandoms such as Dark Knight but then others such as Never Back Down and Pain & Gain don't have a fandom because there isn't anything very significant about them for people to go fanatic about.

Frameworks of Interpretation
Action films can be interpretated in different ways depending on who the audience is. Teens and Young Adults can get very energetic over action films, but more older mature adults either don't really enjoy action films depending on how cheesy they are or they enjoy them but don't get energetic and hyper over them.

Never Back Down is one of the films that can get people energetic and hyper because it's very high on fighting scenes whereas Pain & Gain tends to just keep you on your toes because you never know what's going to happen next with the trio.

Intertextuality
Action films don't really use intertextuality references unless they are referring to other action films, an example of this could be in The Expendables 2 since the cast are all famous for various different action films, each actor makes a quote from there most popular action films making the intertextual reference to the other film.

Media Literacy
In action films if you're educated with the behind the scenes of films you can't really view them the same because you're always analysing things in them like the effects and how the unique styles of camera work are used.

Social Networking
Action films now always have a Facebook page & Twitter Account to advertise them and give sneak peeks which is a great way of promoting the films because people who want to see little tid bits before the film is released will like the page or follow the account giving the film more promotion.

Conditions of Reception
Action films are the better films to watch in the cinema 3D or 2D because it grasps you more into the action that it would sitting watching it on a much smaller screen at home. Other genres such as romance don't really make a difference but a genre like action makes a big difference from being on the big screen compared to the small screen.

Pre & post-viewing Experience
Action films can be seen much differently from Pre & Post-viewings because watching all of the trailers, sneak peeks & interviews before seeing an Action film can make you think, "Wow this film looks so great and highly action-packed" but then when you watch the full film you realise that all the clips you seen that made it look action-packed were all the action scenes in the film.

Conclusion
To conclude Action genre films are the kind of films where if you want to view them you must WANT to view them because if you're watching them without having the intention of enjoying them you most certainly won't. I enjoy all kinds of Action Films but less preferably Super Hero films because they seem very cheesy.

File Formats

Printing Poster Graphics

Are you a budding film maker? Do you want a poster for your film? In this article I'm going to be teaching you about the different files & formats that you will need to make a poster.

Formats

First lets talk about the 2 different formats you will need and which applications these formats are on. Lets start with Vector Graphics, Vector Graphics are images that use lines, curves, shapes and polygons to create their images. These mean that the image can be expanded and shrunk without losing the image quality.

Vector Graphic Applications

There are a variety of different Vector-based Applications. I will not be talking about all of them but just to name a few, first and maybe the most popular Adobe Illustrator with it's many different tools, Illustrator can be used to make very high detailed graphics:



Formats (cont.)

 If you don't want to spend a lot of money on getting Adobe products there are others such as Inkscape or Xara photo & Graphic Designer & Macromedia Free Hand just to name a few. All of these programs use Vector graphics so can all be used the same way.

The other format is Raster Graphics this means that digital camera photos or photos from the internet which are made of pixels, these are also referred to as bitmaps. Also the larger the image the memory it will take when being saved.

Raster Graphic Applications

The same as Vector Applications there are a variety of Raster-based applications. The first is another adobe program, Photoshop there is a lot of different tools on Photoshop giving you endless options for your images.

Other options for Raster programs if you don't want Adobe software are; MS Paint, GIMP or Painter. They all do the same as Photoshop but with a lot less tools to work with.

File Extensions

When it comes to programs such as Photoshop there are a lot of different ways to save files, although you need them all here are some examples of the extensions you will need for creating DVD images:

• .jpg (JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group) this is used for Digital images from Cameras or the internet.
• .tiff (Tagged Image File Format) this is used for images that will be desktop published.
• .png (Portable Network Graphics) this is used for palette-based images.
• .gif (Graphics Interchange Format) this is used for short animations.
• .bmp (Bitmap) This is used to save bitmap digital images.
• .RAW (RAW) This is a camera image that has minimal processed data.
• .psd (Photoshop Document) This is a saved Photoshop document that keeps all layers separated so it can be opened and edited another time.
• ai (Adobe Illustrator) This is used to save Illustrator files that can be edited when re-opened and vector files that can be exported from Illustrator to Photoshop.

Metafiles

Finally metafiles, these are a piece of graphical information that is stored in a format that can be exchanged between different software.

Remaking Movies-Total Recall

Remaking Movies

Total Recall

Total Recall tells the story of Douglas Quaid/Hauser a man who's really not enjoying the route is life is going in and discovers a place called Rekall, a place where you can have false memories, live the life you want. He goes to Rekall to find himself already in false memories and see's his real life a secret agent in a war he doesn't know which side he is on.

The original Total Recall was realised in 1990, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger as Douglas Quaid/Hauser. In this Douglas' memories take him to Mars as a secret agent. In 2012 the remake of Total Recall see's Colin Farrell taking the role of Douglas Quaid/Hauser although  in this his memories don't take him to Mars they instead keep him on Earth. Many people including myself thought casting Farrell to take a role once done by Scharzenegger was a bad idea, Scharzenegger done a great job of the 1990 original another wasn't necessary, proving us wrong, on it's US opening weekend Total Recall 2012 had a grossing of  $25,577,758 after working with a budget of $125 million. The 1990 Total Recall had a grossing of $25,533,700 on it's opening weekend after working with a budget of $65 Million.

Total Recall 1990 was directed by Paul Verhoeven previous to Total Recall another successful film directed by Verhoeven is Robocop, after Total Recall he then went on to direct Basic Instict & Starship Troopers plus others but these were the most successful. Total Recall 2012 was directed by Len Wiseman who also directed the Underworld Saga and Live Free or Die Hard but is yet to direct since Total Recall. You can see in both of the Total Recalls more the original that both directors put their own flavour into them.Verhoeven's trio of Robocop, Total Recall and Starship Troopers are all based in the future and use a similar styling. Another common thing with Verhoeven is Total Recall and Starship Troopers are both based on other planets. Where with Wiseman Underworld isn't based in the future but Total Recall is, you can still see his frames of work within the both films.

An iconic scene from the original see's Quaid meeting a three-breasted lady, this became one of the most remembered and loved scenes from the film which just meant Wiseman couldn't leave her out giving the three-breasted lady her moment in the film.

Although Wiseman's Total Recall is a remake of Verhoeven's being that the casting is totally different to the original and it being based on Earth not Mars, you get two "totally" different feels from the each of the films. Verhoeven's gives the full on Sci-Fi action feel where Wiseman's gives a full on action feel with futuristic settings.

In Total Recall Quaid's wife as portrayed by Sharon Stone in the original and Kate Beckinsale in the remake have also both been a part of both directors other successful films, Stone in Basic Instict and Beckinsale in Underworld. Both directors used their films main characters actors who were at the top of their game at the time of their respective films, taking the role of the Resistance Leader in the original is Marshall Bell who was fresh off Twins another film starring Scharzenegger in the remake the role was given to Bill Nighy who had previously starred in Underworld and was fresh off Wrath of the Titans. The role of Vilos Cohaagen the Colony Leader was given to Ronny Cox in the original who was fresh off Loose Cannons and Captain America, in the remake the role was given to Bryan Cranston who was in his final run of his most known role in Breaking Bad. Finally the role of Melina the love interest of our protagonist was given to Rachel Ticotin in the original who was just starting her filming career with only three previous films done, in the remake we see Jessica Biel as Melina who had just finished with New Year's Eve.

To conclude both films are differently the same, following the same story but expressing them in different ways, both films were strongly cast and all of the cast in both films gave of great characteristics of the same characters. Watching both films and knowing the directors other films you see that the same story can be told in different ways and still give off the same emotions at the end of the film.

Auteur Theory (Wes Anderson)

Auteur Theory
What is Auteur Theory?
Auteur Theory is when a director uses the same style throughout all of their productions such as; Camera Angles (Over The Shoulder, Birds Eye, Close up etc.) Film Features (Slow motion, bouncy etc.) Actors.

A lot of directors could be considered Auteur's, the one I'm going to be writing about is the unique Wes Anderson.

Wes Anderson an Auteur?
                                                      

Wes Anderson is a Texan Director, he is 44, born May 1st 1969, Houston, Texas. He is most known for his unique style with films, Anderson's film career began in 1992 with the short film "Bottle Rocket" he co-wrote it with Hollywood actor Owen Wilson. Bottle Rocket then went on to become a feature film in 1996 beginning Anderson's professional film career. From then to now Anderson's filmography goes: Bottle Rocket (1996), Rushmore (1998), The Royal Tenenbaums (2001), The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004), The Squid and The Whale (2005), The Darjeeling limited (2007), Fantastic Mr Fox (2009), Moonrise Kingdom (2012), The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014).

The two films I'm going to be using to find comparisons for Auteur are The Royal Tenenbaums and Rushmore.

The Royal Tenenbaums Trailer

Rushmore Trailer

Camera Angles/Shots

An occurring camera shot used throughout The Royal Tenenbaums is a two shot close-up/mid shot here are some examples of these:

Rushmore two shot close-up/midshots:

These are just some examples of shots that Anderson uses in his films another is birds-eye view. In The Royal Tenenbaums he uses the angle on the very first scene, on Rushmore he uses the angle in a scene where Bill Murray's character 'Herman Blume' is diving into his swimming pool at his Son's party.

Another shot style that Anderson likes to use in his films is slow motion. In The Royal Tennenbaums we see slow motion when the family is reunited and Margot and Richie see each other:

In Rushmore we see slow motion when Max and Herman are sabotaging each others lives:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zh04EaZQs0U
(The video I found on youtube isn't on the blogger search)

Another visual style Anderson uses throughout his films is the mise-en-scene colour palette as the two shot images show above he uses colours like; Red, Yellow & Grey in costume and dusk colours in the background/setting.

Something repetitive you see in most of Anderson's films are the actors used the 3 main actors in a lot of his films are:
Bill Murray

Owen Wilson

 

Jason Schwartzman

 

Not only is Owen Wilson a recurring actor in Anderson's films but his old time friend also co-wrote Anderson's first three films.

This is the point where a lot of people would argue that yes these are some similarities in Anderson's films but each of Anderson's films are different so does that really make him an auteur?

I'd say yes Wes Anderson is an auteur although every one of his films are different they all have similarities I only used 2 examples in this but in every one of his films you will see the same things: Mise-En-Scene Colour Palette, two shot close ups & mid shots, slow motion and actors. Just to show this here's another example Moonrise Kingdom:

Actor, Jason Schwartzman

 

Bill Murray

 

 

 Also in the above images you see the colour palette, with the bright yellow scarf and dusk yellow tents in the background of Schwartzman's scene and the yellow and scarf and red raincoat on the character in Bill Murrays plus the dusk background and two shot mid shot. Finally a slow motion scene from Moonrise Kingdom:

@0.40

To finalize I do feel that Wes Anderson is an auteur everything about his films show that he is.

Wes Anderson Information

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Anderson

Rushmore Trailer

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0I0Wc4BwMnA

Royal Tenenbaums Trailer

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaMfV72q40U

Royal Tenenbaums two shot close-up image

http://bit.ly/1go1dtG

Royal Tenenbaums two shot mid shot image #1

http://bit.ly/1furh1Q

Royal Tenenbaums two shot mid shot image #2

http://bit.ly/O8bjV9

Rushmore two shot mid shot image #1

http://bit.ly/1nVD4wW

Rushmore two shot mid shot image #2

 http://bit.ly/1cVZgG5

Rushmore two shot close-up image #2

http://bit.ly/1qAgtrR

Royal Tenenbaum Slow Motion

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bl6FbeoXeHQ

 Bill Murray Image

http://huff.to/PzruvI

Owen Wilson Image

http://collider.com/owen-wilson-the-coup/

Jason Schwartzman Image

http://bit.ly/1oSx0DS 

 Jason Schwartzan Moonrise Kingdom Image

http://bit.ly/1cZGl7v

Bill Murray Moonrise Kingdom Image

http://bit.ly/1oSA1Er

Moonrise Kingdom Slow motion

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XawA7O46yJM

Archie's Final Project Review

Archie's Final Project was a unique film although I never enjoyed it it had its positive aspects. The film was about the life of Archie Williams and his journey to suicide. We first see Archie it small segments talking about commiting suicide. After he announces his film at school, it gets other people involved the girl he dreams about Sierra Silver joins him in the journey. After it goes to far and another student ends up killing themself it makes Archie think twice about it.

For me the film didn't have a sole purpose of entertainment but is made more to show Suicide awareness, in that I like the idea of the film, but watching it from an entertainment point of view I found the film to have lack of entertainment. It was quite a grim film I don't think I'm going to watch it again and I wouldn't recommend it to anyone unless for a Suicide Awareness programme.

Principles of Editing

Editing is used for different reasons, in Film & TV it I used to tell a story and to create a mood or atmosphere.

Concepts of editing
Editing is used in a Film to either introduce new information into the story or motivation for the characters.

Introducing New Information
A new shot should always give new information. In a motion picture, the new information would usually be a new character or a different location.
The shot you are cutting to should give more information, as well as the shot you are cutting from. For example a man could be looking at something in horror then the shot cuts to a murderer.

History of Editing
In 1895 the Lumiere Brothers invented a film recorder it was called, Cinematographe. Cinematographe was a 3 in 1 machine which recorded, captured and projected motion pictures.

The Lumiere Brothers lead the way for more ways of filming and editing.

In-Camera Editing

In-Camera Editing was used in the early years of filming. In-Camera Editing means the camera operator filmed in the linear order which the production will be viewed. It was used as the main filming edit before splicing became easier to do. One of the biggest in-camera editors was George Melies.

The problems with in-camera editing is it takes a lot of planning for the shots to work in order. There's no cutting the edit after it has been filmed, once the last scene is filmed the production is done.

Analogue Editing

Analogue Editing came after In-Camera, Analogue is the first step to cut editing. It was done using a razor blade and splicing block.

The tape would be cut with the razor blade then taped back together in the order intended, the cut and tape would be repeated until the film was created. An example of analogue editing could be the first film ever "exiting the factory" 

Following The Action
Following the action is a series of shots on one character. The shots are taken from a different camera, when a character is walking each time they turn a corner or change destination.

Following the action can also just simply be a single camera rotating round a specific character or event, this gives a less boring effect to the shot instead of it just showing the character or event from one angle.

Multiple Points of View
Using Multiple points of view, is exactly as it says, when a series of shots are used showing an event from many different point of views.

It can also mean when a film uses a good guy/ bad guy story we see both point of views from good and bad throughout the film. An example of a single event being seen from a variety of point of views is "Vantage Point" when a US President is assassinated we see the event from many different characters point of views.

Shot Variation

Shot Variation is a series of shots from different angles. Most commonly a wide shot would be used first to introduce the scene, this would turn into a long shot of a character or characters, this would usually show the main character/s. Next there are different shots that can be used, first a mid shot showing a character speaking or a two or three shot showing different characters talking.

Shot variation doesn't always have to be characters speaking, it can be used to show an event and have the different angles show the event in a much more interesting way making it less boring for the audience.

Manipulation of Diegetic Time and Space

The use of Manipulation of Time and Space shows a series of time in a single moment, this can be a character ageing as a Camera angle changes. It doesn't always have to be a character seen it can be an object, for example a flower could be seen alive then withers in a second.

It doesn't always have to show something ageing, a character having a flashback also shows manipulation of time and space this is because it isn't set in the current time.

Conventions and Techniques

Seamless Editing- Seamless editing is two shots edited together so cleanly that there is no jump in the cuts.
Continuity Editing- An edit that is used to keep a clear narrative. There are many rules to continuity editing, they are:

• Establishing Shot- A long shot that usually shows a setting which introduces where the next scene will be.
• Shot/Reverse Shot- Two shots usually used in a conversation scene, one shot shows the speaking character over the shoulder of the listening character, the other shot shows the listening character responding over the shoulder of the new listening character. Sometimes a shot can show a character listening and the speaking character is the over the shoulder shot. The two shots are edited together alternating from shot to shot giving the conversation seen more interest and makes it clear.
• 180° Rule- The angle between two consecutive shots shouldn't go more than 180° to keep the spatial relationship between characters and objects.
• 30° Rule - The angle between two shots shouldn't be more than 30° to keep the shot clear and not confusing for the viewer.
• Parallel Editing (Crosscutting)- An edit that alternates between two shots happening at the same time in different locations.
• Match on Action- An edit which shows two scenarios occuring at the same time side by side on screen.
• Eyeline Match- A cut between two shots, the first shows a person looking in a certain direction, the second shot shows either the object they are looking at or a person looking back at them in the exact opposite direction.
• Re-Establishing Shot- A long shot which once again shows the setting of a scene, this usually closes the scene for that setting.



Critical Approaches (Torchwood & Dr Who)

Genre- TV Sci-Fi Drama

Doctor Who v Torchwood
The Spin-Off

TV Sci-Fi Drama
Sci-Fi
Science Fiction or Sci-Fi is a unique genre. Although it is similar to Fantasy, Sci-Fi is used to portray scientifically possible stories or scientifically postulated physical laws. Fully imaginative things are used but not as much as Fantasy. Sci-Fi is used a lot more as a sub genre, other genres it goes with mostly are: Action, Adventure, Family & Drama. A lot of writers use Sci-Fi to discuss philosophical ideas such as identity, desire, morality and social structure. Sci-Fi is best watched by people who suspend in disbelief.

Codes & Conventions of Sci-Fi
Sci-Fi has very specific codes & conventions what make it what it is, they are futuristic settings, futuristic science & technology, space travel, time travel, parallel universes and extra-terrestrial life. These are specific to the genre because science is always advancing and some of the futuristic settings or technology is scientifically possible. Extra-terrestrial life has never been scientifically proven but with rumours and stories about extra-terrestrial life, imagination is used to create aliens and monsters, most with humanoid features.

Drama
Drama is the most seen and/or used genre this is because it is based on developing realistic characters dealing with emotional themes. Dramatic themes used such as; Alcoholism, drug addiction, sexuality, poverty, class divisions and corruption put the characters into a conflict with themselves. Some sub genres of drama are Romance, Crime, Historical, Documentary, Comedy and Tragedy.

Codes & Conventions of Drama
Drama has many codes & conventions, close up of characters are used to show emotion, Low and High angles are used to show strength and weakness in characters, Alcohol, Drugs, Guns, Knives & Mobile Phones are typically used in dramas. Dramas are mostly set in towns or villages and don't change location unless there's a special episode.

Spin-Off
A spin off is a show based in more detail on a specific topic, event or character of an already made production. In this case Torchwood is based on the character Captain Jack Harkness one of The Doctors companions from the series Doctor who.

Character Representation
Doctor Who has been on for 50 years, throughout the 50 years there has been 11 doctors, each Doctor has there own personality. I'm going to talk about the 10th Doctor as this was The Doctor during Torchwood.

At the start of Doctor Who we are introduced to The Doctor at a slow pace due to regeneration. At the very start The Doctor is learning who he is himself, in the first episode The Doctor loses his hand, this is also used in Torchwood giving a link between the two shows. As Doctor Who goes on we learn more about The Doctor and his past. The Doctor never travels alone, we first see him traveling with Rose Tyler she's first seen as an everyday teen brit, working, trying to make a living, this is when she was very first introduced with the 9th Doctor, when we first see her with the 10th Doctor she get's worried because it's her first time experiencing seeing the regeneration and isn't sure if it's the same man. As time goes on The Doctor and Rose grow a great bond, when The Doctor loses Rose it hits him hard. This shows that for a man who's lived for over 900 years, the right people can still find  away to your heart. Captain Jack is introduced in Doctor Who when the TARDIS lands in Cardiff.


During the time The Doctor has been on his Journey with Rose, Captain Jack has been busy with Torchwood in Cardiff so when he hears the TARDIS he goes running for it. He knows about this because we were first introduced to Captain Jack with the 9th Doctor, with the 9th Doctor a lot of things happened with Jacks life, one of those things being that he was made immortal, this is a big factor throughout Torchwood.
When Jack makes his infamous return to Doctor Who he is introduced to The Doctors new companion, Martha Jones she was introduced to the show as a victim that The Doctor helped, she was introduced as a medical student in a hospital, they meet when the hospital is teleported to the moon and The Doctor goes to help. They travel together for a long time, The Doctor, Martha & Jack all find themselves in a war against The Doctors oldest enemy, The Master. The Master captures The Doctor & Jack leaving Martha alone to save the world this is when we see her full potential, she saves them then leaves The Doctor because of the feelings that she has for him and knowing he doesn't have the same feelings for her. After Rose's departure we are introduced to a new character, Donna Noble. She is seen in the TARDIS in a wedding dress, she is seen as a cocky character similar to the attitude of the actor portraying her, Catherine Tate. She travels with The Doctor for a short time before leaving, then he travels with Martha, after Martha's departure the Doctor is on an alien search alone when he runs into Donna again it becomes a much bigger bond this time and they travel for a long time.

Torchwood is based around 5 main characters who all work for Torchwood.

• Captain Jack Harkness, Jack is a Time Agent from the 51st century, he is first introduced in Torchwood as the clear leader of Torchwood. At first Jack is very strict about most things but after Gwen joins the group bringing in some sanity to the group he becomes a lot more mellow and laid back. He becomes a lot closer with the team as it progress's. At the start we learn that the team doesn't know of his immortality, only Gwen finds out because she witnessed him die then resurrect. Jack's immortality becomes a big factor during the show as he dies many times to save his team showing how honourable he is.

• Gwen Cooper, Gwen is introduced as a Police Officer doing her everyday job when she gets sent to a murder case where she has her first encounter with Torchwood, she get's very nosey about Torchwood when she eventually gets involved with it and becomes a part of the team.

• Ianto Jones, (Yan-to) Ianto is the receptionist for Torchwood, he is first seen as the Chauffeur for the team, he stays like this for a while until things get a lot more dangerous and serious then he becomes more of an agent as well. It is not known at first but it can be seen with hints that Ianto is gay and has feelings for Jack.

• Owen Harper, Owen is first seen as the gadget guy for Torchwood, it is evident from the start that he is a ladies man. At one point Owen is killed, he is resurrected and becomes known as the "King Of The Weevils" the weevils are a species seen occurring throughout the show. He starts to grow feelings towards Tosh losing his rep as a ladies man. Although he was resurrected he can still be killed and is not immortal like Jack.

• Toshiko Sato, Tosh is first seen as the tech person for Torchwood, she is first seen very shy and quiet, as it progress's she becomes a lot more known and a much more important member of the group as she becomes a very big help on the battlefield.



Narrative Structure

At the very start of Doctor Who we see that things are not going well from the get go as when we first see The Doctor he comes out of the TARDIS after it crashed, he seems happy at first but then passes out, this is due to a fresh regeneration, after the regeneration is done we learn that the new Doctor is a brave new man. Doctor Who likes to change the set out of episodes, some episodes are linear and others are non-linear. As each of his companions change we learn something more about The Doctor and who he is. The Doctor goes through a second regeneration but doesn't change, after this regeneration we get the biggest reunion of The Doctors companions, they get called "Children Of Time" in this Episode the Earth is stolen all of the companions and the Doctor fly the TARDIS pulling the Earth back to the Solar System.

The narrative of Torchwood is the same as Doctor Who, some episodes are linear and others are non-linear. In the very first episode of Torchwood we see the Torchwood group on the hunt for a murderer, they use an alien tech glove that revives people for a couple of minutes, Gwen the officer is on the case of the murderer and witnesses Torchwood using the glove, the mystery of what happens gets her curious so she gets very nosey with Torchwood, she begins to realise that one of the members is the murderer, they confront each other and Jack is watching it, she knows he is there and shoots him, as she is about to shoot Gwen Jack stands back up so she kills herself, this opens up a spot in Torchwood, Jack offers Gwen the job, she takes at and from there they begin the journey and quest of finding aliens and monsters in Cardiff.